6th century B.C.:	Meat and vegetable experiment on young Jewish prisoners in Book of Daniel.
5th century B.C.:	Hippocrates: "Primum non nocere"/ "First do no harm."
12th century:	Rabbi and physician Maimonides: "May I never see in the patient anything but a fellow creature in pain."
1718	George I offers free pardon to any inmate of Newgate Prison who agrees to be inoculated with infectious small pox in variolation experiment.
1796	Edward Jenner injects healthy eight-year-old James Phillips first with cowpox then three months later with smallpox and is hailed as discoverer of smallpox vaccine.
1845-1849	J. Marion Sims, the "Father of Gynecology" in the United States, conducts gynecological experiments on slaves in South Carolina.
1865:	French physiologist Claude Bernard publishes "Introduction to the Study of Human Experimentation," advising: "Never perform an experiment which might be harmful to the patient even though highly advantageous to science or the health of others.
1874:	Cincinnati physician Roberts Bartholow conducts brain surgery experiments on Mary Rafferty, a 30 year-old domestic servant dying of an infected ulcer.
1891:	Prussian State legislates that a treatment for tuberculosis cannot be given to prisoners without their consent.
1892:	Albert Neisser injects women with serum from patients with Syphilis, infecting half of them.
1896:	Dr. Arthur Wentworth performs spinal taps on 29 children at Children's Hospital in Boston to determine if procedure is harmful.
1897:	Italian bacteriologist Sanarelli injects five subjects with bacillus searching for a causative agent for yellow fever.
1900:	Walter Reed injects 22 Spanish immigrant workers in Cuba with the agent for yellow fever paying them $100 if they survive and $200 if they contract the disease.
1906:	Congress passes the Pure Food and Drug Act creating the Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration later shortened to the FDA.
1906:	Dr. Richard Strong, a professor of tropical medicine at Harvard, experiments with cholera on prisoners in the Philippines killing thirteen.
1915:	U.S. Public Health Office induces pellagra in twelve Mississippi prisoners.
1919-1922:	Testicular transplant experiments on five hundred prisoners at San Quentin.
1931:	75 children die in Lubeck, Germany from pediatrician's experiment with tuberculosis vaccine.
1931:	Germany issues "Regulation on New Therapy and Experimentation."
1932-1972:	U.S. Public Health Service study in Tuskegee, Alabama of more than 400 black sharecroppers observed for the natural course of untreated syphilis.
1938:	Japanese immunologist Ishii Shiro ("Dr. Ishii") conducts experiments with anthrax and cholera on Chinese prisoners in Harbin.
1939:	Third Reich orders births of all twins be registered with Public Health Offices for purpose of genetic research.
1939-1945:	Dr. Ishii experiments on thousands of inmates at Ping Fan Prison in Manchuria, known as Unit 731.
1941:	Sterilization experiments at Auschwitz.
1941-1945:	Typhus experiments at Buchenwald and Natzweiler concentration camps.
1942:	High altitude or low pressure experiments at Dachau concentration camp.
1942:	Harvard biochemist Edward Cohn injects sixty-four Massachusetts prisoners with beef blood in U.S. Navy-sponsored experiment.
1942-1943:	Bone regeneration and transplantation experiments on female prisoners at Ravensbrueck concentration camp.
1942-1943:	Freezing experiments at Dachau concentration camp.
1943	Freezing experiment on sixteen mentally disabled patients at University of Cincinnati Hospital.
1942-1943:	Coagulation experiments on Catholic priests at Dachau concentration camp.
1942-1944:	U.S. Chemical Warfare Service conducts mustard gas experiments on thousands of servicemen.
1942-1945:	Malaria experiments at Dachau concentration camp on more than twelve hundred prisoners.
1943:	Epidemic jaundice experiments at Natzweiler concentration camp.
1943-1944:	Phosphorus burn experiments at Buchenwald concentration camp.
1944:	Manhattan Project injection of 4.7 micrograms of plutonium into soldiers at Oak Ridge.
1944:	Seawater experiment on sixty Gypsies given only saltwater to drink at Dachau concentration camp.
1944-1946:	University of Chicago Medical School professor Dr. Alf Alving conducts malaria experiments on more than 400 Illinois prisoners.
1945:	Manhattan Project injection of plutonium into three patients at Billings Hospital at University of Chicago.
1945:	Malaria experiment on 800 prisoners in Atlanta.
1946:	Opening of Nuremberg Doctors Trial.
1946-1953:	Atomic Energy Commission and Quaker Oats-sponsored study of Fernald, Massachusetts residents fed breakfast cereal containing radioactive tracers.
1947:	Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial including ten point Nuremberg Code which begins: "The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential."
1949:	Intentional release of radiodine 131 and xenon 133 over Hanford Washington in Atomic Energy Commission field study called "Green Run."
1949:	Soviet Union's war crimes trial of Dr. Ishii's associates.
1949-1953:	Atomic Energy Commission studies of mentally disabled school children fed radioactive isotopes at Fernald and Wrentham schools.
1950:	Dr. Joseph Stokes of the University of Pennsylvania infects 200 women prisoners with viral hepatitis.
1951-1960:	University of Pennsylvania under contract with U.S. Army conducts psychopharmacological experiments on hundreds of Pennsylvania prisoners.
1952-1974:	University of Pennsylvania dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman conducts skin product experiments by the hundreds at Holmesburg Prison; "All I saw before me," he has said about his first visit to the prison, "were acres of skin."
1952:	Henry Blauer injected with a fatal dose of mescaline at Psychiatric Institute of Columbia University per secret contract with Army Chemical Corps.
1953	Newborn Daniel Burton rendered blind at Brooklyn Doctor's Hospital during study on RLF and the use of oxygen.
1953-1957:	Oak Ridge-sponsored injection of uranium into eleven patients at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.
1953-1960:	CIA brainwashing experiments with LSD at eighty institutions on hundreds of subjects in a project code named "MKULTRA."
1953-1970:	U.S. Army experiments with LSD on soldiers at Fort Detrick, Md.
1954-1974:	U.S. Army study of 2300 Seventh-Day Adventist soldiers in 150 experiments code named "Operation Whitecoat."
1956:	Dr. Albert Sabin tests experimental polio vaccine on 133 prisoners in Ohio.
1958-1960:	Injection of hepatitis into mentally disabled children at Willowbrook School on Staten Island in an attempt to find vaccine.
1958-1962:	Spread of radioactive materials over Inupiat land in Point Hope, Alaska in Atomic Energy Commission field study code named "Project Chariot."
1959-1962:	Harvard Professor Henry A. Murray conducts psychological deconstruction experiment on 22 undergraduates including Theodore Kaczynski, the result of which, at least according to writer Alton Chase, may have turned Kaczynski into the Unabomber.
1962:	Thalidomide withdrawn from the market after thousands of birth deformities blamed in part on misleading results of animal studies; the FDA thereafter requires three phases of human clinical trials before companies can release a drug on the market.
1962-1980	Pharmaceutical companies conduct phase one safety testing of drugs almost exclusively on prisoners for small cash payments.
1962:	Injection of live cancer cells into elderly patients at Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in Brooklyn.
1962:	Stanley Milgram conducts obedience research at Yale University.
1963:	NIH supported researcher transplants chimpanzee kidney into human in failed experiment.
1963-1973:	Dr. Carl Heller, a leading endocrinologist, conducts testicular irradiation experiments on prisoners in Oregon and Washington giving them $5 a month and $100 when they receive a vasectomy at the end of the trial.
1964:	World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration, asserting "The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject."
1965-1966:	University of Pennsylvania under contract with Dow Chemical conducts dioxin experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg.
1966:	Henry Beecher's article "Ethics and Clinical Research" in New England Journal of Medicine.
1966:	U.S. Army introduces bacillus globigii into New York subway tunnels in field study.
1966:	NIH Office for Protection of Research Subjects ("OPRR") created and issues Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects calling for establishment of independent review bodies later known as Institutional Review Boards.
1967:	British physician M.H. Pappworth publishes "Human Guinea Pigs," advising "No doctor has the right to choose martyrs for science or for the general good."
1971:	Dr. Zimbardo conducts Psychology of Prison Life experiment on students at Stanford University.
1973	Ad Hoc Advisory Panel issues Final Report of Tuskegee Syphilis Study, concluding "Society can no longer afford to leave the balancing of individual rights against scientific progress to the scientific community."
1974:	National Research Act establishes National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects and upgrades OPRR Policies to Regulations to be known as "The Common Rule."
1975:	HHS promulgates Title 45 of Federal Regulations titled "Protection of Human Subjects," requiring appointment and utilization of IRBs.
1976:	National Urban league holds National Conference on Human Experimentation, announcing "We don't want to kill science but we don't want science to kill, mangle and abuse us."
1979:	National Commission issues Belmont Report setting forth three basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
1980:	The FDA promulgates 21 CFR 50.44 prohibiting use of prisoners as subjects in clinical trials shifting phase one testing by pharmaceutical companies to nonprison population.
1981:	Leonard Whitlock suffers permanent brain damage after deep diving experiment at Duke University.
1987:	Supreme Court decision in United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669, holding soldier given LSD without his consent could not sue U.S. Army for damages.
1990:	The FDA grants Department of Defense waiver of Nuremberg Code for use of unapproved drugs and vaccines in Desert Shield.
1991:	World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice.
1991:	Tony LaMadrid commits suicide after participating in study on relapse of schizophrenics withdrawn from medication at UCLA.
1998:	Three children die at St. Jude Children's Hospital in Memphis during participation in clinical trial for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
1999:	Veterans Administration shuts down all research at West Los Angeles Medical Center after allegations of medical research performed on patients who did not consent.
1999:	OPRR shuts down research at Duke University because of inadequate IRB supervision of human subject experiments..
1999:	Year-old Gage Stevens dies at Children's Hospital in Pittsburgh during participation in Propulsid clinical trial for infant acid reflux.
1999:	18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger dies after being injected with 37 trillion particles of adenovirus in gene therapy experiment at University of Pennsylvania. His death triggers a still-ongoing reevaluation of the conflicts of interest plaguing human subject research.
2000:	University of Oklahoma melanoma trial halted for failure to follow government regulations and protocol.
2000:	OPRR becomes Office of Human Research Protection ("OHRP") and made part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
2001:	Biotech company in Pennsylvania asks the FDA for permission to conduct placebo trials on infants in Latin America born with serious lung disease though such tests would be illegal in U.S.
2001:	Ellen Roche, a 24 year-old healthy volunteer, dies after inhaling hexamethonium in an asthma study at Johns Hopkins Medical Center. OHRP shuts down all research at Hopkins for four days.
2001:	Elaine Holden-Able, a healthy retired nurse, dies in Case Western University Alzheimer's experiment financed by the tobacco industry.
2003:	FDA reports that, for the past four years, experiments on cancer patients were conducted at Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center by Paul Kornak who had no valid medical license and who repeatedly altered data and committed numerous violations of the protocols..